Flying Green?

Representing ‘Sustainable Aviation Fuels’ in the Danish Media

Authors

  • Anders Horsbøl Aaborg University, Denmark
  • Mikkel Eskjær Aalborg University , Denmark

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v41i79.152726

Keywords:

sustainable aviation fuels, SAF, framing, news media, discourse studies, public negotion

Abstract

In recent years, high hopes have been expressed in so-called ‘Sustainable Aviation Fuels’ (SAF) as a new technology to make aviation more environmentally friendly. This study examines public negotiations of SAF in Denmark, centering on how news media frame SAF, and how different actor groups are represented. We examine the negotiations of SAF from 2018–2023, when SAF entered the mediated public sphere as a new(s) topic. The analysis differentiates between three public arenas: national mainstream media, regional/local media, and trade journals devoted to energy and mobility. Drawing on a systematic sample and combining quantitative framing analysis with qualitative in-depth readings, the study finds that political-regulative, technology, and optimistic climate frames are the most prevalent, across different public arenas. We identify a dominant discourse of climate tech governance, not least driven by the use of elite sources from business, politics, and science. These sources contribute to projecting SAF events into the future, magnifying SAF as potentially groundbreaking.

References

Anderson, B. J., Mueller, D. W., Hoard, S. A., Sanders, C. M. & Rijkhoff, S. A. M. (2022). Social science applications in sustainable aviation biofuels research: Opportunities, challenges, and advancements. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, Article 771849. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.771849

Arning, K., Offermann-van Heek, J., Linzenich, A., Kaetelhoen, A., Sternberg, A., Bardow, A., & Ziefle, M. (2019). Same or different? Insights on public perception and acceptance of carbon capture and storage or utilization in Germany. Energy Policy, 125, 235–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.10.039

Bäckstrand, K., & Lövbrand, E. (2007). Climate governance beyond 2012: Competing discourses of green governmentality, ecological modernization and civic environmentalism. In M. E. Pettenger (Ed.), The social construction of climate change: Power, knowledge, norms, discourses (pp. 123–147). Ashgate.

Batel, S., & Devine-Wright, P. (2015). Towards a better understanding of people’s responses to renewable energy technologies: Insights from social representations theory. Public Understanding of Science, 24(3), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662513514165

Becken, S., Friedl, H., Stantic, B., Connolly, R. M., & Chen, J. (2020). Climate crisis and flying: Social media analysis traces the rise of “flightshame”. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 29(9), 1450–1469. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2020.1851699

Bjärstig, T., Mancheva, I., Zachrisson, A. Neumann, W., & Svensson, J. (2022). Is large-scale wind power a problem, solution, or victim? A frame analysis of the debate in Swedish media. Energy Research & Social Science, 83, 102337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102337

Bjørkdahl, K., & Franco Duharte, A. S. (Eds.). (2022). Academic flying and the means of communication. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4911-0

Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Budd, L. C. S., Griggs, S., & Howarth, D. (2013). Sustainable aviation futures: Crises, contested realities and prospects for change. In L. C. S. Budd, S. Griggs, & D. Howarth (Eds.), Sustainable aviation futures (pp. 3–36). Emerald Group Publishing.

Christley, E., & Ullström, S. (2024). Desired or contested futures? Competing discourse-coalitions for sustainable aviation in Sweden. Critical Policy Studies, 19(3), 414–435. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2024.2402785

Djerf-Pierre, M., Cokley, J., & Kuchel, L. J. (2015). Framing renewable energy: A comparative study of newspapers in Australia and Sweden. Environmental Communication, 10(5), 634–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/17524032.2015.1056542

Dryzek, J, (2021). The politics of the earth: Environmental discourses (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Eklöf, J., & Mager, A. (2013). Technoscientific promotion and biofuel policy: How the press and search engines stage the biofuel controversy. Media, Culture & Society, 35(4), 454–471. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443713483794

Entman, R. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58.

Eskjær, M. F., & Horsbøl, A. (2023). New environmental controversies: Towards a typology of green conflicts. Sustainability, 15(3), Article 3. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15031914

Filimonau, V., Mika, M., & Pawlusiński, R. (2018). Public attitudes to biofuel use in aviation: Evidence from an emerging tourist market. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 3102–3110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.101

Freelon, D. G. (2010). ReCal: Intercoder reliability calculation as a web service. International Journal of Internet Science, 5(1), 20–33.

Griggs, S., & Howarth, D. (2013). The politics of airport expansion in the United Kingdom: Hegemony, policy and the rhetoric of ‘sustainable aviation’. Manchester University Press.

Hajer, M. A. (1995). The politics of environmental discourse: Ecological modernization and the policy process. Clarendon Press.

Hajer, M. A. (2005). Coalitions, practices, and meaning in environmental politics: From acid rain to BSE. In D. Howarth, & J. Torfing (Eds.), Discourse theory in European politics: Identity, policy and governance (pp. 297–315). Palgrave Macmillan.

Hajer, M., & Versteeg, W. (2005). A decade of discourse analysis of environmental politics: Achievements, challenges, perspectives. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 7(3), 175–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080500339646

Horsbøl, A. (2020). Green conflicts in environmental discourse: A topos based integrative analysis of critical voices. Critical Discourse Studies, 17(4), 429–446. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2019.1617757

Horsbøl, A. (2024). Mediating Power-to-X: A case study of green imaginaries and environmental conflicts in local Danish news media. Nordicom Review, 45(2), 217–237. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2024-0020

Jensen, M., & Andersen, A. H. (2013). Biofuels: A contested response to climate change. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 9(1), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2013.11908106

Kim, S. H., Besley, J. C., Oh, S.-H., & Kim, S. Y. (2014). Talking about bio-fuel in the news. Journalism Studies, 15(2), 218–234. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.809193

Kulanovic, A., & Nordensvärd, J. (2021). Exploring the political discursive lock-ins on sustainable aviation in Sweden. Energies, 14(21), 7401. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217401

Lacy, S., & Riffe, D. (1996). Sampling error and selecting intercoder reliability samples for nominal content categories. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 73(4), 963–973. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769909607300414

Lyytimäki, J. (2018). Renewable energy in the news: Environmental, economic, policy and technology discussion of biogas. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 15, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2018.04.004

Løkke, S., Aramendia, E., & Malskær, J. (2021). A review of public opinion on liquid biofuels in the EU: Current knowledge and future challenges. Biomass and Bioenergy, 150, 106094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2021.106094

McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282.

McQuail, D. (2010). McQuail’s mass communication theory (6th ed.). Sage.

Mišić, M., & Obydenkova, A. (2021). Environmental conflict, renewable energy, or both? Public opinion on small hydropower plants in Serbia. Post-Communist Economies, 34(5), 684–713. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631377.2021.1943928

Peeters, P., Higham, J., Kutzner, D., Cohen, S., & Gössling, S. (2016). Are technology myths stalling aviation climate policy? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 44, 30–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2016.02.004

Rahn, J. (2022). Aviation discourses in news: The influence of the political climate on climate politics. Uppsala University, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History.

Regeringen. (2023). Vejen til grøn luftfart. https://skm.dk/media/0xefayun/vejen-til-groen-luftfart-udspil-om-groen-luftfart.pdf

Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2016). The discourse-historical approach. In R. Wodak, & M. Meyer (Eds.), Methods of critical discourse studies (3rd rev. ed.) (pp. 23–61). Sage.

Rice, C., Ragbir, N. K., Rice, S., & Barcia, G. (2020). Willingness to pay for sustainable aviation depends on ticket price, greenhouse gas reductions and gender. Technology in Society, 60, 101224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101224

Rochyadi-Reetz, M., Arlt, D., Wolling, J., & Bräuer, M. (2019). Explaining the media’s framing of renewable energies: An international comparison. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2019.00119

Schäfer, M. S., & Painter, J. (2021). Climate journalism in a changing media ecosystem: Assessing the production of climate change-related news around the world. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 12(1), e675. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.675

Sengers, F., Raven, R. P. J. M., & van Venrooij, A. T. (2010). From riches to rags: Biofuels, media discourse and resistance to sustainable energy technologies. Energy Policy, 38(9), 5013–5027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2010.04.030

Stauffacher, M., Muggli, N., Scolobig, A., & Moser, C. (2015). Framing deep geothermal energy in mass media: The case of Switzerland. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 98, 60–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.05.018

Walker, S., & Cook, M. (2009). The contested concept of sustainable aviation. Sustainable Development, 17(6), 378–390. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.400

Warren, C. R., Lumsden, C., O'Dowd, S., & Birnie, R. V. (2005). ‘Green on green’: Public perceptions of wind power in Scotland and Ireland. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 48(6), 853–875. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560500294376

Wormbs, N., & Söderberg, M. W. (2021). Knowledge, fear, and conscience: Reasons to stop flying because of climate change. Urban Planning, 6(2), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.17645/up.v6i2.3974

Xu, B., Ahmad, S., Charles, V., & Xuan, J. (2022). Sustainable commercial aviation: What determines air travellers’ willingness to pay more for sustainable aviation fuel? Journal of Cleaner Production, 374, 133990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133990

Downloads

Published

2025-11-07

How to Cite

Horsbøl, A., & Eskjær, M. (2025). Flying Green? Representing ‘Sustainable Aviation Fuels’ in the Danish Media. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and Communication Research, 41(79). https://doi.org/10.7146/mk.v41i79.152726

Issue

Section

Articles: Theme section